India is home to more than 1.3 billion people, which is constantly on the rise thanks to an ever-rising birth rate. However, health complications and maternal death rates remain a cause for concern.

Miscarriages and other complications can often arise from such simple causes as insufficient minerals and vitamins for the mother and the developing foetus. This is why prenatal vitamins are an extremely important part of any successful pregnancy.

Prenatal vitamins are comprehensive supplements comprising essential vitamins and minerals vital for expectant mothers or those planning to conceive. They're formulated to prevent nutrient deficiencies and foster a healthy pregnancy. These supplements are available both over the counter and through medical prescription.

Before you can appreciate what prenatal vitamins are for during pregnancies, you need to understand these. Prenatal vitamins are a concoction of vitamins that your doctor prescribes when planning a pregnancy or when you are already pregnant.

These added vitamins and minerals help support a healthy pregnancy, ensuring proper growth for the child in the womb and assisting the mother in avoiding severe complications.

A common question among expecting mothers is –what vitamins are good for pregnant women? In this section, learn about the necessary vitamins and minerals.

Also, get a brief idea regarding the complications that arise when the recommended levels of such vitamins remain unmet during pregnancies.

Prenatal vitamins are specially formulated supplements designed to provide essential nutrients that support the health of both the mother and the developing baby during pregnancy.

1. Folic Acid

Folic acid at the recommended level is crucial from conception until the end of the first trimester. It can prevent defects in the baby’s spinal cord or brain. If you have already had a previous pregnancy where the child was born with neural tube defects, your doctor may prescribe higher doses of folic acid during this second pregnancy.

2. Calcium

More than simply understanding what prenatal vitamins are is required. You must also know why such vitamins are important. For instance, calcium supplements are necessary because the foetus uses calcium from the mother's bloodstream to form its bones. Thus, a pregnant woman would need increased calcium at such a time.

Deficiencies can lead to improper bone formation for the baby or diseases, such as rickets.

3. Iron

Iron ensures the formation of red blood cells, essential for transporting oxygen into a woman’s womb. Therefore, insufficient iron levels can cause anaemia in an expecting mother.

4. Iodine

Iodine regulates a woman’s thyroid function when she is expecting. A deficiency can lead to complications, such as stillbirth, miscarriage, deafness, serious mental disability and stunted growth.

5. Zinc

Zinc aids in cellular development and growth during pregnancies. Improper levels of this mineral can lead to neural tube defects, miscarriage and stillbirths.

6. Thiamine

Thiamine or vitamin B1 helps in a mother's and her unborn child's muscular and neural functionalities. Deficiency of this vitamin can lead to metabolic disturbances for your foetus and placenta.

7. Riboflavin

Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin is another crucial requirement for a successful pregnancy. It is responsible for a baby’s nerve, bone and muscle development. Evidence suggests that pregnant women who do not acquire sufficient vitamin B2 are more likely to develop preeclampsia.

8. Vitamin C

A baby’s brain function development relies significantly on vitamin C availability. Without proper levels of this particular vitamin, a child may be born without appropriate growth of the brain’s hippocampus region.

9. Vitamin D

Vitamin D is crucial when regulating phosphate and calcium levels in one’s body. Deficiencies have been linked to a higher risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm births.

10. Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 regulates folic acid levels in the body. Without it being present at the proper levels, your child may be born with severe neural tube defects.

11. Vitamin E

Reduced levels of vitamin E have also been linked to preeclampsia and the concerned child being born small.

Maintaining a balanced diet during pregnancy supports maternal and fetal health. Many natural food sources contain the vitamins and minerals necessary for a healthy pregnancy. Some familiar dietary sources of prenatal vitamins, offering valuable insights for expectant mothers seeking to nourish themselves and their growing babies, are:

Optimising your diet with prenatal vitamins is crucial for a healthy pregnancy. Nutrient-rich foods can complement your prenatal supplement regimen, ensuring you and your baby receive essential nutrients.

Dietary requirements change considerably for a woman during pregnancy. While vitamins are important for everyone, pregnant women have an increased need for particular minerals and vitamins during these nine months.

To understand the importance of prenatal vitamins, you should know that they are devised to the specific needs of the mother and unborn child. For instance, such concoctions have increased amounts of folic acid in them.

Experiments have shown that higher folic acid in the mother’s bloodstream can prevent neural tube congenital disabilities. Similarly, using vitamins in pregnancy has shown positive results and successful childbirth compared to mothers who did not supplement their diets with such vitamins.

Here is a look at some of the well-documented advantages –

• Reduces the risk of congenital disabilities

• Minimises the chances of the mother being afflicted with preeclampsia

• Prevents iron-deficiency anaemia in the mother

• Ensures sufficient calcium availability for foetal development

• Reduces the risk of rickets in newborns

• Prevents certain forms of gestational diabetes, especially those linked with vitamin D deficiency

Overconsumption of prenatal vitamins can pose several health risks to both the mother and the developing fetus. Prenatal vitamins are designed to provide essential nutrients needed during pregnancy, but taking them in excess can lead to toxicity and adverse effects.

1. Vitamin A Toxicity

• Teratogenic Effects: High doses of vitamin A can cause congenital disabilities. The recommended upper limit for pregnant women is 3,000 micrograms of retinol activity equivalents (RAE) per day.
• Liver Damage: Excess vitamin A can lead to liver toxicity in the mother.

2. Iron Overload

• Gastrointestinal Issues: Too much iron can cause constipation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
• Organ Damage: Chronic iron overdose can result in damage to the liver, heart, and pancreas.

3. Calcium Overconsumption

• Kidney Stones: Excessive calcium intake can increase the risk of kidney stones.
• Impaired Absorption: High calcium levels can interfere with the absorption of other essential minerals, such as iron and zinc.

4. Folic Acid Overconsumption

• Masking Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Excessive folic acid can mask symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, which can lead to neurological damage if left untreated.
• Potential Cancer Risk: Some studies suggest that excessive folic acid intake might increase the risk of certain cancers, though this area requires more research.

5. Vitamin D Toxicity

• Hypercalcemia: Too much vitamin D can cause elevated calcium levels in the blood, leading to nausea, vomiting, weakness, and serious complications like kidney damage.

6. Other Nutrient Imbalances

• Zinc and Copper Imbalance: High doses of one can affect the absorption and balance of the other.
• Iodine Overdose: Excessive iodine can lead to thyroid dysfunction, impacting both the mother and the baby.

Prenatal vitamins are essential for supporting the health of both the mother and the developing fetus. However, they can cause several common side effects. Most of these side effects are mild and can be managed with dietary changes, home remedies, or adjustments in how and when the vitamins are taken. Here are the common side effects associated with prenatal vitamins:

• Nausea: Vitamins' iron content often causes it. It can be managed by taking the vitamin with food or at bedtime.

• Constipation: Caused by iron. Increasing fibre intake, drinking plenty of water, and regular physical activity can help.

• Stomach Cramps, Bloating & Gas: Common digestive issues. Eating smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding gas-inducing foods can alleviate symptoms.

• Diarrhoea: This side effect may occur in some individuals. Staying hydrated and avoiding fatty or spicy foods can help manage this side effect.

• Hair Loss: Some women experience increased hair shedding. Ensuring a balanced diet and managing stress levels are beneficial.

• Skin Dryness and itchiness: Dry or itchy skin can occur. Using gentle moisturisers and avoiding harsh skin products can provide relief.

• Teeth-Staining: Iron in prenatal vitamins can stain teeth. Regular brushing and rinsing the mouth after taking the vitamin can help prevent this.

• Muscle Weakness, Numbness, Tingling & Burning Pain: These symptoms may indicate nutrient imbalances or deficiencies. It’s important to consult a healthcare provider for proper assessment and management.

Now that you know what prenatal vitamins are, why they are important and who should take them, consult your physician immediately if you are planning to get pregnant. They will assess whether you need the supplements or are receiving the recommended levels from your diet.

Prenatal vitamins are crucial for maternal and fetal health, addressing potential nutrient deficiencies. While side effects are usually mild, adherence to dosage and healthcare provider consultation is key. Managing side effects ensures a healthy pregnancy and supports optimal fetal development.