23 Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin B3 Deficiency

sources-of-natural-vitamin-b3

Vitamin B3 deficiency leads to serious health consequences such as cognitive decline, low energy, depression, and other mental disorders. Niacin, or vitamin B3, is crucial to human health mainly because it is a coenzyme. In fact, close to 400 enzymes depend on it for their optimum activity. 

Hence, it is crucial to know what causes vitamin B3 deficiency, the symptoms to look out for and learn some effective preventive measures as well. Read on and find out!

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What is Vitamin B3 Deficiency?

Vitamin B3 is also known as niacin. Niacin or nicotinic acid is one of the 8 known types of vitamin B. Vitamin B3 deficiency or Niacin deficiency occurs when the body cannot absorb the vitamin or gets little of it.

In fact, the deficiency extends up to the body’s inability to absorb tryptophan, which is the amino acid precursor of niacin.

Below are some of the functions of vitamin B3:

  • Niacin or nicotinic acid helps to keep the nervous system working properly
  • Further, it helps the body make sex-related hormones and stress-related hormones
  • It helps to improve circulation and maintain cholesterol levels
  • Moreover, it also helps to break down fats and proteins
  • Vitamin B3 helps to convert carbohydrates into glucose

Different Types of B3 Deficiency Disease

There are two types of vitamin B3 deficiency diseases:

Primary Pellagra

Primary pellagra occurs when a diet is low in niacin, putting individuals at risk due to insufficient intake of this essential nutrient. When a diet is low in niacin, the person is at risk for primary pellagra. For example, those whose diet includes maize as a staple are at higher risk for developing primary pellagra.

Secondary Pellagra

A person who cannot absorb vitamin B3 despite having a diet rich in vitamin B3 is at risk for secondary pellagra.

The persons who are at risk for vitamin B3 deficiency are:

  • Alcoholism can cause a deficiency of niacin because of malnutrition.
  • Other risk factors of secondary pellagra are malnutrition, Crohn’s disease, anorexia, HIV, Hartnup disease, dialysis, drugs for tuberculosis, carcinoid syndrome.

How Common is Vitamin B3 Deficiency?

Vitamin B3 deficiency, known as niacin deficiency, is relatively uncommon in developed countries due to the widespread availability of niacin-rich foods and fortified products. However, it can still occur in certain populations, particularly those with poor dietary intake, alcoholism, or certain medical conditions that interfere with nutrient absorption. 

The risk of deficiency is higher in developing countries, where diets may lack diversity and rely heavily on staple foods like maize, which is low in niacin.

What are the Signs & Symptoms of Vitamin B3 Deficiency?

The vitamin B3 deficiency symptoms mostly became known with the discovery of pellagra. The signs of vitamin B3 deficiency are

S.No. Symptoms Description
1 A Pigmented Rash Appears When the Skin is Exposed to the Sun When exposed to sunlight, the skin develops a dark, discoloured rash, often on areas like the face, neck, hands, and forearms.
2 Apathy or Fatigue Feeling unusually tired or lacking energy, often leading to decreased motivation and physical activity.
3 Bright Red Tongue The tongue becomes bright red and inflamed, sometimes accompanied by pain and sensitivity.
4 Circulatory Problems Poor blood circulation can cause cold hands and feet, sometimes leading to more serious cardiovascular issues.
5 Constipation Difficulty passing stools often leads to infrequent bowel movements and abdominal discomfort.
6 Decreased Appetite A reduced desire to eat can lead to unintentional weight loss and malnutrition.
7 Depression Persistent sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in daily activities.
8 Diarrhoea Frequent, loose, and watery bowel movements, often leading to dehydration and nutrient loss.
9 Hallucinations Seeing or hearing absent things often indicates severe deficiency affecting the nervous system.
10 Headache Persistent or recurrent pain in the head can range from mild to severe and affect daily functioning.
11 Memory Loss Difficulty in recalling information, which can interfere with daily tasks and activities.
12 Oral Ulcers Painful sores or lesions inside the mouth can make eating and speaking uncomfortable.
13 The Rough Appearance of the Skin The skin appears dry, scaly, and rough, often due to decreased skin cell turnover and repair.
14 Tongue Swelling The tongue becomes swollen and may feel uncomfortable, affecting speech and swallowing.
15 Vomiting The involuntary expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth can lead to dehydration and nutrient depletion.
16 Confusion Difficulty in thinking clearly, often leading to disorientation and difficulty in making decisions.
17 Irritability Increased frustration, anger, and annoyance, often without a clear reason.
18 Muscle Weakness Reduced muscle strength and endurance, making it difficult to perform everyday activities and physical tasks.
19 Digestive Issues General discomfort in the digestive tract, including bloating, cramping, and indigestion.
20 Sleep Disturbances Problems with falling or staying asleep lead to fatigue and reduced overall well-being.

These vitamin B3 deficiency signs and symptoms should be taken seriously and treated.

The symptoms of vitamin B3 deficiency in adults are the same as those in children.

Severe cases of vitamin B3 deficiency result in pellagra, which can result in death if unchecked. The symptoms of pellagra are

S.No.

Symptoms

Description

21.

Dementia

Dementia is characterised by a significant decline in cognitive function, affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities. People with dementia may experience confusion, disorientation, and difficulty concentrating. Vitamin B3 deficiency is one of the factors that can contribute to the development of dementia.

22.

Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea involves frequent, loose, and watery bowel movements, which can lead to dehydration and nutrient loss. This symptom is often accompanied by abdominal cramps, urgency to use the bathroom, and sometimes nausea. Persistent diarrhoea can weaken the body, reduce energy levels, and affect overall health.

23.

Dermatitis

Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin, resulting in symptoms such as redness, itching, and swelling. This condition can cause the skin to become dry, cracked, and scaly, leading to discomfort and sometimes pain. Dermatitis may appear in localised patches or spread over larger body areas.

Reasons that Cause Vitamin B3 Deficiency

A deficiency in this important nutrient can lead to various health issues, such as pellagra, characterised by dermatitis, diarrhoea, and dementia. The most common vitamin B3 deficiency causes are as follows:

  • A Low Intake of Other Vitamins such as B2, B6, and Iron: Deficiencies in these vitamins and minerals can impair the body's ability to convert tryptophan into niacin, leading to lower levels of vitamin B3.
  • Conditions Preventing Conversion of Tryptophan to Niacin: Diseases like Hartnup disease or carcinoid syndrome can interfere with the body's ability to convert tryptophan to niacin, resulting in niacin deficiency.
  • Diet Low in Tryptophan: Consuming a diet that lacks tryptophan-rich foods, such as poultry, dairy, and eggs, can lead to insufficient niacin production, as tryptophan is a precursor to vitamin B3.
  • Undernutrition Due to Alcohol, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, or Anorexia: These conditions can lead to severe nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin B3, due to poor dietary intake, malabsorption, or both.
  • Inadequate Dietary Intake: A diet low in niacin-rich foods, such as meats, fish, and whole grains, can directly cause vitamin B3 deficiency in a human being’s body, often leading to severe health issues.
  • Certain Medications: Several types of medications, such as anti-tuberculosis drugs, can interfere with the body's ability to absorb or metabolise niacin, thus contributing to vitamin B3 deficiency.

What are the Diagnosis of Vitamin B3 Deficiency?

Diagnosing vitamin B3 deficiency involves a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history, and laboratory tests. Here are some key methods used in the diagnosis:

Clinical Evaluation

Physicians look for physical symptoms such as dermatitis, diarrhoea, and dementia, classic indicators of severe niacin deficiency. A thorough physical examination helps identify these symptoms and assess their severity.

Medical History

Reviewing the patient's dietary habits and underlying medical conditions is essential. Information about alcohol consumption, chronic illnesses, and the use of certain medications can provide clues about the potential causes.

Blood Tests

Measuring the levels of niacin and its metabolites in the blood can help confirm a deficiency. Low levels of niacin or its active form, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), can indicate insufficient intake or absorption.

Urine Tests

Assessing the excretion levels of niacin metabolites in the urine can provide additional information about the body's niacin status. Low urinary excretion of these metabolites suggests a deficiency.

Dietary Assessment

Evaluating the patient's diet for niacin-rich foods, such as meats, fish, and whole grains, can help determine if dietary intake is adequate. This assessment helps identify potential nutritional gaps that contribute to the deficiency.

Best Food Sources to Overcome Vitamin B3 Deficiency

Vitamin B3, or niacin, is vital for energy production, DNA repair, and maintaining healthy skin and nerves. Incorporating niacin-rich foods into your diet can help prevent and overcome deficiency, ensuring your body functions optimally.

Fruits to Overcome Vitamin B3 Deficiency

While fruits are generally not the highest sources of vitamin B3, they can still contribute to your overall niacin intake, especially when consumed as part of a balanced diet. Including a variety of fruits can help support your nutritional needs.

S.No. Item Nutritional Value (Vitamin B3 per 100g)
1 Avocado 2.6 mg
2 Mango 0.67 mg
3 Bananas 0.67 mg
4 Peaches 0.81 mg
5 Oranges 0.28 mg
6 Watermelon 0.15 mg
7 Grapes 0.18 mg

Vegetables to Overcome Vitamin B3 Deficiency

Vegetables, particularly green leafy varieties and some root vegetables, can provide a good source of vitamin B3. Including various vegetables in your diet can help ensure you get adequate niacin.

S.No. Item Nutritional Value (Vitamin B3 per 100g)
8 Green Peas 2.1 mg
9 Potatoes 1.4 mg
10 Sweet Potatoes 0.56 mg
11 Asparagus 1.5 mg
12 Broccoli 0.64 mg
13 Mushrooms 3.6 mg (shiitake)
14 Bell Peppers 0.98 mg

Dairy Products to Overcome Vitamin B3 Deficiency

Dairy products can be a supplementary source of niacin, particularly for those who include them regularly in their diet. While not the richest sources, they contribute to overall intake.

S.No. Item Nutritional Value (Vitamin B3 per 100g)
15 Milk 0.09 mg
16 Yoghurt 0.17 mg
17 Cheese (Cheddar) 0.1 mg
18 Cottage Cheese 0.23 mg
19 Butter 0.04 mg

Animal Protein and Seafood to Overcome Vitamin B3 Deficiency

Animal protein and seafood are among the best sources of vitamin B3. They provide high levels of niacin, which is essential for preventing and overcoming deficiency.

S.No. Item Nutritional Value (Vitamin B3 per 100g)
20 Chicken Breast 14.8 mg
21 Tuna 18.8 mg
22 Salmon 8.6 mg
23 Turkey 9.6 mg
24 Beef Liver 13.2 mg
25 Pork 11.8 mg
26 Shrimp 2.6 mg
27 Mackerel 6.4 mg

Nuts and Seeds to Overcome Vitamin B3 Deficiency

Nuts and seeds are excellent plant-based sources of niacin. They can be easily incorporated into various meals and snacks to help boost your vitamin B3 intake.

S.No. Item Nutritional Value (Vitamin B3 per 100g)
28 Peanuts 12.1 mg
29 Sunflower Seeds 7.0 mg
30 Almonds 3.6 mg
31 Pumpkin Seeds 4.9 mg
32 Flaxseeds 3.1 mg
33 Chia Seeds 5.8 mg

Other Eatables to Overcome Vitamin B3 Deficiency

In addition to the above, various other eatables can help boost your vitamin B3 intake. Including the given foods in your diet effectively meets your niacin needs.

S.No. Item Nutritional Value (Vitamin B3 per 100g)
34 Whole Wheat Bread 4.4 mg
35 Brown Rice 2.6 mg
36 Oats 0.9 mg
37 Cornmeal 3.6 mg
38 Quinoa 1.5 mg
39 Tofu 0.4 mg
40 Tempeh 4.2 mg
41 Soy Milk 0.5 mg
42 Fortified Breakfast Cereals 15 mg (varies by brand)
43 Lentils 2.1 mg
44 Chickpeas 1.6 mg

How Much Vitamin B3 Do You Need Daily?

The daily recommended intake of vitamin B3 varies depending on the age and gender.  Infants need 2-4 mg, young children (1-3 years) require 6 mg, and older children (4-8 years) need 8 mg. Pre-adolescent boys and girls (9-13 years) should get 12 mg, while teenage boys (14-18 years) need 16 mg and teenage girls need 14 mg. 

Adult men should consume 16 mg daily, and adult women need 14 mg. Pregnant women require 18 mg, and breastfeeding women need 17 mg. Meeting these requirements through a balanced diet is essential for overall health and preventing deficiency-related issues.

Side Effects of Vitamin B3 Deficiency

Vitamin B3 is essential for maintaining overall health and well-being. Its deficiency can lead to several health issues, some of which can be severe if left untreated. Below are some of the key side effects associated with a lack of vitamin B3:

  • Pellagra: The deficiency of vitamin B3, in the long run, can lead to pellagra. Pellagra is a severe disease that arises from the lack of vitamin B3. Some of the symptoms of pellagra are dementia, dermatitis, and diarrhoea.
  • Skin Problems: Deficiency can cause various skin issues, including red, inflamed skin, rough and scaly patches, and a condition known as dermatitis.
  • Digestive Issues: Lack of vitamin B3 can lead to digestive problems such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and severe diarrhoea.
  • Mental Health Issues: Niacin deficiency is linked to mental health problems like depression, anxiety, and, in severe cases, dementia.
  • Fatigue and Weakness: Insufficient vitamin B3 levels can result in chronic fatigue and general weakness, impacting daily activities and overall energy levels.
  • Mouth Sores and Swollen Tongue: A noticeable side effect of vitamin B3 deficiency includes sores in the mouth and a swollen, bright red tongue.

Diseases Caused Due to Vitamin B3 Deficiency

Deficiency in vitamin B3 can lead to several health issues, ranging from mild symptoms to severe diseases. You may notice some of the symptoms of vitamin B3 deficiency diseases in mild form. However, when the deficiency increases, it often leads to pellagra, which is a disease caused due to deficiency of vitamin B3.

Hence, the deficiency of vitamin B3 causes these diseases

  • Pellagra: This is the most severe disease associated with vitamin B3 deficiency. Pellagra is characterised by the "3Ds": dementia, dermatitis, and diarrhoea. It can be life-threatening if left untreated.
  • Dementia: A serious condition marked by memory loss, confusion, and cognitive decline, often seen in severe cases of pellagra. Dementia impairs daily functioning and significantly reduces quality of life.
  • Dermatitis: Inflammation and redness of the skin, often accompanied by a scaly rash, particularly in areas exposed to sunlight. This skin condition can be painful and prone to infections if not treated.
  • Diarrhoea: Chronic diarrhoea is another hallmark of pellagra, leading to dehydration and further health complications. Persistent diarrhoea can also result in nutrient malabsorption and weight loss.
  • Depression: Niacin deficiency can lead to mental health issues such as depression. Symptoms include persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and changes in appetite or sleep patterns.
  • Fatigue: A lack of vitamin B3 can cause extreme tiredness and weakness. This condition makes it difficult to perform everyday tasks and can severely impact productivity and overall well-being.

Treatments for Vitamin B3 Deficiency

Treating vitamin B3 deficiency involves increasing niacin intake through dietary sources or supplements. Here are some effective treatment methods for vitamin B3 deficiency

Treatment Method Description
Dietary Changes Incorporating niacin-rich foods like meat, fish, poultry, whole grains, and legumes into the diet can help. These foods provide natural sources of vitamin B3 that the body can easily absorb.
Niacin Supplements Taking niacin supplements is an effective way to raise vitamin B3 levels quickly. These are available over-the-counter or by prescription, depending on the severity of the deficiency.
Multivitamin Supplements Multivitamin supplements that include niacin can be a convenient way to ensure adequate intake. They also provide other essential vitamins and minerals, supporting overall health.
Fortified Foods Consuming fortified foods can help increase niacin intake. These foods are specially processed to include additional nutrients, making it easier to meet daily requirements.
Medical Treatment In severe cases of deficiency, such as pellagra, medical treatment may involve higher doses of niacin. This is typically administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Lifestyle Modifications Reducing alcohol consumption and avoiding certain medications that interfere with niacin absorption can be beneficial. Lifestyle changes support better nutrient absorption.
Regular Monitoring Regular health check-ups and blood tests can help monitor niacin levels and ensure they remain within a healthy range. Ongoing monitoring allows for timely adjustments to treatment plans.

How Long Does it Take to Fix Vitamin B3 Deficiency?

Vitamin B3 deficiency can be corrected relatively quickly with proper treatment. The recovery duration depends on the severity of the deficiency and the individual’s overall health. Typically, doctors may prescribe a high dose of niacin for 5 days, and symptoms will start to improve within 2 days. Consistent treatment and dietary adjustments are essential to ensure full recovery and prevent recurrence.

Symptom Resolution Timeline Symptoms
2-3 Days Initial improvement in symptoms such as fatigue, mild headaches, and early skin irritation.
1 Week Significant reduction in symptoms of diarrhoea, dermatitis, and cognitive issues like confusion.
2 Weeks Continued improvement in more severe symptoms, including substantial relief from chronic diarrhoea and dermatitis.
1 Month Near-total resolution of symptoms, with normal skin appearance and cognitive function restoration.

Who is at Risk of Suffering from Vitamin B3 Deficiency?

Vitamin B3 deficiency can affect anyone, but certain groups are more vulnerable due to their lifestyle, health conditions, or dietary habits, such as:

  • Individuals with Poor Dietary Intake: People who consume diets low in niacin-rich foods, such as meats, fish, and whole grains, are at higher risk of deficiency. This includes those following restrictive diets or with limited access to various foods.
  • Chronic Alcoholics: Excessive alcohol consumption can interfere with the absorption of niacin and other nutrients, leading to deficiency. Alcoholics often have poor dietary habits, exacerbating the risk.
  • People with Digestive Disorders: Conditions like Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and celiac disease can impair nutrient absorption, increasing the likelihood of vitamin B3 deficiency.
  • HIV/AIDS Patients: Individuals with HIV/AIDS may experience malabsorption of nutrients and have higher nutritional needs, putting them at greater risk for deficiencies, including niacin.
  • Certain Medication Users: Long-term use of specific medications, such as isoniazid (used to treat tuberculosis) and certain anticonvulsants, can interfere with niacin metabolism and lead to deficiency.
  • Malnourished Populations: A group of malnourished populations, i.e., people living in poverty or with limited food security, are at higher risk due to inadequate intake of essential nutrients, including vitamin B3.

If one can diagnose vitamin B3 deficiency quickly, it is easily treatable. However, sometimes vitamin B3 deficiency may be misdiagnosed as alcohol withdrawal symptoms for those who consume alcohol. This misdiagnosis can delay proper treatment and worsen the condition. Therefore, it is crucial to consult with your doctor before taking supplements. 

A professional diagnosis ensures the correct treatment and helps prevent potential complications. Early detection and proper medical guidance are key to managing vitamin B3 deficiency effectively.

FAQs about Vitamin B3 Deficiency