Noise pollution and air and water pollution are among the most common problems in urban areas. This is due to the excessive number of vehicles introduced each year. In addition to cars, other factors like construction, crowds, concerts, and air traffic also cater to noise pollution.

Prolonged exposure to extreme noise has many detrimental effects on human health. Before knowing about the diseases caused by noise pollution, one should know about this pollution in detail.

Noise pollution is the transmission of excessive levels of sound in the environment. Therefore, environmental noise or sound pollution are other terms used for noise pollution. Furthermore, the World Health Organisation states that constant exposure to noise above 85 dB will negatively affect any living organism.

The effects of noise pollution on human health range from psychological to physiological and cause many diseases.

Noise pollution is classified into two main types: environmental noise pollution and human-generated noise pollution, each with its different sources and health impact.

1. Environmental Noise Pollution

Ambient noise or environmental noise refers to the undesired outdoor sounds that emerge from both mechanical activities and natural ones in metropolitan and suburban neighbourhoods. Both people and animals are affected by this type of noise pollution.

Sources:

• Transportation: Vehicular noises such as those from cars, trucks, motorbikes, aeroplanes and trains are a major source of environmental noise pollution.
• Construction Activities: Contributing much to environmental noise is the sound generated by construction sites, road works, and industrial undertakings.
• Urban Activities: Environmental noise levels increase due to commercial establishments, public events, and recreational areas.

Impacts:

• Human Health: Prolonged exposure to environmental noise can cause hearing impairment, sleeping disorders, cardiovascular problems and stress-related diseases.
• Wildlife: Noise pollution disrupts animal communication and mating rituals and can lead to habitat displacement and changes in predator-prey dynamics.

2. Man-Made Noise Pollution

Anthropogenic noise or man-made noise is a type of pollution that includes any sound produced by human activities, especially in industrial and domestic situations. It is common in industries, offices, and homes.

Sources:

• Occupational:
  1. Industrial Machinery: Drills, saws, heavy machinery, and factory production lines generate high noise levels.
  2. Construction Sites: Jackhammers, bulldozers and cranes are tools that generate a lot of noise.
  3. Entertainment Venues: Nightclubs, concerts, etc., can expose workers to loud music or crowd noises.

Domestic:

• Household Appliances: Domestic appliances such as washing machines, dishwashers and vacuum cleaners contribute to the domestic noise problem.
• Entertainment Systems: Televisions, stereos and gaming consoles all create a lot of home noise.
• Neighbour Activities: Conversations held loudly by neighbours, house parties with loud music or pets may disturb people nearby.

Impacts:

• Hearing Loss: Extended exposure to excessive levels of sound may cause partial deafness or tinnitus within some people’s ears.
• Stress and Fatigue: Persistent noise often leads to stress intensification, fatigue development as well as low productivity levels.
• Accidents: Risky activities might occur when an individual cannot communicate effectively due to loud environmental sounds that mask warning signals.
• Sleep Disturbances: Household and occupational noise can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to insomnia and fatigue.
• Mental Health: Continuous noise exposure can increase stress levels, anxiety, and overall reduced quality of life.

Understanding the different types of noise pollution is crucial for developing targeted strategies to mitigate their effects and protect public health and well-being.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s essential to seek help from healthcare professionals who can provide appropriate interventions:

• Audiologist: For hearing-related issues, an audiologist can conduct hearing tests and provide treatments or hearing aids if necessary.
• Cardiologist: If you have symptoms of cardiovascular issues, a cardiologist can evaluate your heart health and recommend lifestyle changes or medications.
• Sleep Specialist: For persistent sleep disturbances, a sleep specialist can conduct sleep studies and suggest treatments to improve sleep quality.
• Mental Health Professional: If you experience increased stress, anxiety, or depression, a psychologist or psychiatrist can offer counselling, therapy, or medications.
• General Practitioner: For overall health concerns, your general practitioner can perform a comprehensive health check and refer you to specialists if needed.

Early intervention can help mitigate the adverse effects of noise pollution and improve your quality of life.

Discussed below are the different impacts of noise pollution on one’s physical health, mental health, as well as on children.

1. Impact of Noise Pollution on Physical Health

Complications in physical health can arise from direct or indirect exposure to noise. 

In some cases, people can suffer from hearing impairment due to being exposed to loud sounds for a very long period. The various forms of noise-induced hearing impairment are:

• Paracusis - distorted hearing
• Tinnitus - constant high-pitched ringing in the ears
• Abnormal loudness perception

In addition to hearing complications, noise pollution can raise blood pressure and increase blood viscosity in humans. However, these effects are temporary, but if an individual is exposed to noise for a prolonged period, they can suffer from heart disease because of fluctuating blood pressure.

2. Impact of Noise Pollution on Mental Health

The effects of noise pollution on mental health are equally destructive as air and water pollution to human health.

Unwanted loud sounds can be a significant factor behind a host of mental health problems like anxiety and stress. In addition, noise pollution is a major factor behind sleep disturbance which causes difficulty sleeping or staying asleep. As a result, people find it challenging to wake up early and often are irritable the next day.

Stress caused due to noise pollution will most likely increase the heartbeat and blood pressure in humans.

3. Impact of Noise Pollution on Children

Children are more susceptible to hearing impairment caused due to noise pollution as compared to adults.

Inability to hear certain frequencies from a young age leads to communication and speech development issues.

Additionally, unwanted noise causes a lack of concentration in children and disrupts their cognitive performance.

A wide range of sources, both man-made and natural, contribute to noise pollution. Examples include:

1. Transportation

The noises that come from cars, motorcycles, buses, trucks, and aeroplanes taking off and landing in airports are significant contributors to noise pollution, significantly impacting urban and suburban environments alike.

2. Industrial Activities

Noise from factories, construction sites, manufacturing plants, and mining operations can be loud and all-pervading. These industries involve machines that generate a lot of noise.

3. Commercial and Recreational Activities

For instance, restaurants, bars, concert venues where concerts are held, and clubs contribute to urban sound pollution. Similarly, sporting activities such as fireworks displays or open-air festivals add up to this.

4. Neighbourhood and Household Noise

In residential areas, mowing lawns or blowing leaves around houses, etc, make local noise pollution common. Furthermore, domestic appliances such as heating and ventilating conditioning (HVAC) systems used at homes also produce environmental noise when dogs start barking.

5. Natural Sources

There are some natural events which rarely occur, but still, they can lead to noise pollution, like thunderstorms erupting volcanoes wildlife sounds, including bird calls and animal vocalisations in certain environments.

6. Construction and Infrastructure Projects

Noise from the construction of infrastructures and buildings can disrupt nearby societies, affecting their general well-being and daily lives.

These sources of noise pollution require addressing and management in order to minimise their negative impacts on health and the environment. To achieve this, strategies for mitigating noise, such as sound barriers, urban planning measures, quieter technology, etc., should be found so that more quiet and livable communities are created.

Noise pollution created due to factors outside one’s home is unavoidable, but an individual can easily control the factors inside their home. One can reduce noise pollution through the following ways:-

1. Turning Off Appliances

Appliances such as air conditioners, television, heaters and fans contribute to the overall noise levels at home and offices. One can easily turn these electronic devices off when not in use. This way, an individual can easily avoid unwanted noise at home.

2. Reducing the Volume of Media Gadgets

The use of media gadgets like television, computer, mobile and iPad have become common. However, one can lower the volume of these devices while using them and completely switch them off when not in use. It can benefit individuals if they dedicate separate time for watching television or playing games on the computer. This way they can have an hour without any noise.

3. Replacing/Repairing Old Machines

Old machinery like the washing machine or mixer grinder tends to create a lot of noise compared to the new ones. If repairing the old machines can stop the noise emission then it’s a win-win situation for the user. However, if repairing the machine cannot salvage its noise, one should consider replacing them with new ones.

4. Soundproofing the Rooms

Soundproofing all the rooms in the house is the best way to cancel out all the sounds coming from outside the house. For instance, a party is going on in the neighbour’s house, and they are playing music on the loudspeaker, the soundproof rooms will cancel out the noise.

5. Using Ear Protection

Ear protection like earplugs and earmuffs can come handy when one is outside the house. An individual can control the noise creating factors at home, but one cannot do much about noisy outside elements. This is where earplugs come in handy, as they will reduce the impact of the sounds. For example, construction is going on a building beside an individual’s office, but he can do nothing about it. Instead, he can use earplugs to protect himself from hearing damage.

Implementing effective measures to control noise pollution in your surroundings is crucial for enhancing quality of life and promoting well-being. Individuals can significantly mitigate noise levels by employing sound-reducing technologies, implementing noise barriers, and adhering to noise regulations.

Awareness and education of the public about noise pollution is like illuminating a problem that affects all of us. It means bringing to light how noise can damage our health, disrupt our sleep, or even affect our hearts.

• Understanding Health Risks: Educating people about how noise pollution can cause hearing loss, stress, disturbance of sleep, and cardiovascular problems.
• Identifying Sources: Educating communities about major sources of noise pollution, such as traffic, industrial activities, and recreational events.
• Promoting Sound Practices: Advancing the use of quieter technologies, installing barriers to reduce noise levels and observing quiet hours in residential areas.
• Supporting Stronger Policies: Public pressure for stricter laws on noise control and enforcement mechanisms to ensure efficiency and transparency in compliance.
• Community Engagement: Enabling individuals through workshops, forums, and other outreach methods to address local noise-related issues collectively improving quality life.
• Encouraging Personal Responsibility: Highlight initiatives like lowering individuals' personal sound generation levels and considering noisiness during event planning or appliance management at home.

Knowing where loud noises come from—whether it's traffic, construction, or even our own appliances—we can take steps to reduce them. When we learn how to manage noise better, like using quieter machines or keeping our neighbourhoods peaceful, we protect our ears and create a more pleasant environment for everyone to live in.

Sound is an essential element in human life, but it becomes noise when this sound exceeds recommended decibels. These unwanted sounds together create noise pollution and interfere with the lives of humans and animals.

Noise pollution negatively impacts humans by affecting mental and physical health. In addition, the diseases caused by noise pollution can be highly detrimental to human health.