Smog, derived from the words ‘smoke’ and ‘fog’, refers to a mixture of smoke particles and solid and liquid fog. It is usually visible as a blackish or yellowish fog that stays suspended in the atmosphere. It is a kind of air pollution and poses serious environmental and health issues in many areas across the globe.

Given below is a detailed illustration of the various aspects related to diseases caused by smog.

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Smog diseases occur when people breathe in smog for a long time. Smog is a harmful mix of air pollutants, including ground-level ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. These pollutants can cause serious health problems for the lungs and heart.

Some common diseases linked to smog are asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. Smog can also make existing health issues worse. This leads to more trips to the hospital, more breathing infections, and, in bad cases, early death.

Smog-related illnesses result from long-term contact with dirty air. This air contains harmful substances like ground-level ozone, tiny particles, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. Cars, factories, and burning fossil fuels often release these pollutants. When these chemicals mix in the air, they create smog. 

People breathe in this smog, which can irritate and harm their airways. This exposure makes people more likely to get breathing and heart problems as time passes. This is true for kids, older adults, and those with health issues. 

Smog exposure can lead to several serious health conditions. Here are six common diseases caused by smog in humans. Illustrated below are the different diseases due to smog -

1. Aggravation of Asthma

Smog triggers asthma attacks and severely worsens asthma conditions.

An aggravated form of asthma can, in turn, worsen the symptoms and lead to the following health effects -

• Wheezing attacks
• Chest tightness
• Shortness of breath

The risk factors of this disease caused by smog or its aggravation include the following -

• Smoking
• Frequent exposure to pollutants
• Obesity
• Allergies

2. Allergies, Coughing and Irritation in Chest, Eyes, Throat and Nose

High levels of ozone irritate the respiratory system, leading to wheezing and coughing. After exposure, the affected individuals generally suffer from these effects for a few days. But the particles present in smog keep damaging the lungs even after the irritations go away.

Plus, a significant level of smog and air pollution may also raise the probability of allergies. As per researchers, cases of allergies are higher in areas having high smog concentrations.

All these health issues can lead to several effects in individuals, including -

• Chronic cough that can lead to heartburn or a sour taste in an individual’s mouth
• Sore throat
• Formation of postnasal drip
• Eye pain
• Nasal drainage

The various risk factors associated with these health issues are -

• Air pollution
• Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke
• Common cold

3. Premature Deaths Due to Cancer and Respiratory Ailments

Continuous smog exposure increases the chances of premature death from respiratory ailments and cancers. Smog particles contain formaldehyde, butadiene, and benzene - all composed of carcinogens. Inhalation of smog particles is responsible for several premature deaths in Asian countries, the United States, and Europe.

Cancer and respiratory ailments can lead to many complications such as -

• Difficulty in breathing
• Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
• Stroke
• Respiratory arrest
• Loss of weight
• Chemical imbalances in the body

The various risk factors of these diseases caused by smog are listed below -

• Family history
• Chronic health conditions like ulcerative colitis
• Age of an individual
• Tobacco smoking (includes secondhand smoke)
• Air pollution

4. Lung Damage and Breathing Difficulties

Individuals wondering what type of disease is caused by smog, must note that there are various lung conditions that occur due to the harmful effects of smog. These include emphysema, bronchitis, and pneumonia. This is because smog causes damage to the lining of the lungs and also makes it difficult for individuals to breathe properly.

Lung damage can further lead to several complicated health conditions like -

• Tuberculosis
• Pulmonary embolism (PE)
• Pulmonary oedema
• ARDS (Acute respiratory distress syndrome)
• Interstitial lung disease (ILD)
• Pneumoconiosis

The various risk factors for lung damage and breathing problems include the following -

• Smoking (includes exposure to secondhand smoke)
• Exposure to asbestos
• Air pollution
• Allergies

5. Risk of Developing Rickets

Heavy smog lasting for a prolonged period blocks ultraviolet rays from reaching the surface of the earth. This leads to low vitamin D production in humans, thereby resulting in rickets owing to impaired metabolism of phosphorus and calcium in the bone marrow.

Rickets softens the regions of growing tissue at the ends of growth plates or bones of a child. It can lead to several skeletal deformities like -

• Knock knees or bowed legs
• Breastbone projection
• Thickened ankles and wrists

The various factors that increase the risk of rickets in children include the following -

• Certain types of antiretroviral and anti-seizure medications
• Dark skin
• Exclusive breastfeeding
• Premature birth
• Children living in some specific geographical locations (northern latitudes)
• Deficiency of vitamin D in the mother during pregnancy

6. Low Birth Weights and Birth Defects

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Due to smog exposure, pregnant women can give birth to babies with birth defects and low birth weight.

Even exposure to smog particulate matter measuring as low as 5 μg can pose risks of extremely low birth weights at the time of delivery.

Smog exposure leads to some severe birth defects in newborns. These include spina bifida, which is a condition depicting spinal column malfunctions. It also results in anencephaly that refers to a formation defect of a baby's neural tube during development. The baby is born with an incomplete skull and an underdeveloped brain in this condition.

Newborn babies with low birth weights can have several problems like -

• Trouble gaining weight
• Difficulty to eat
• Breathing problems, such as respiratory distress syndrome
• Difficulty to fight off infections
• Low levels of oxygen at birth
• Gastrointestinal issues like necrotising enterocolitis

Several conditions can pose as a risk factor for having a baby with low birth weight -

• Certain medications to treat health issues like diabetes, high blood pressure, problems of the heart, kidney and lungs
• Some specific infections like chickenpox, rubella, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus
• Preterm labour
• Problems with the placenta
• Exposure to lead or air pollution

Smog is a dangerous mixture of chemicals that can damage the human body and cause sicknesses with different indications and symptoms, such as:

• Persistent cough and throat irritation caused by breathing in smog.
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing in areas with polluted air.
• Watering eyes, redness, and irritation caused by prolonged contact with smog.
• High risk of bronchial spasms initiated by air-borne pollutants.
• A hurting chest and a feeling of discomfort resulting from inhalation of smog
• Exacerbation of existing respiratory diseases in a foggy area
• Fatigue and general tiredness due to constant exposure to pollutants
• Headache dizziness after inhaling poisonous mist particles
• Irritated skin, including rashes coming into contact with smog-causing substances
• Increased chance of heart issues due to pollution in the atmosphere.

Recognising these signs early on is essential for smog-related disease detection and prevention. Taking precautions minimises health problems from smog exposure.

Based on its characteristics and origins, smog is classified into two categories -

Photochemical Smog, Also Known as Los Angeles Smog

This is the most commonly occurring smog. Photochemical smog forms when sunlight reacts with at least one volatile organic compound (VOC) and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere.

Los Angeles smog requires neither fog nor smoke and is mainly found in urban regions having a large number of automobiles. Automobiles, factories and power plants emit nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. Besides these, gasoline, cleaning solvents and paints release volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere.

The harmful compound in this smog causes diseases and leads to conditions like difficulty in breathing, irreversible damage to the heart and the lungs.

Sulphurous Smog, Also Known as London Smog

Sulphurous smog usually forms due to burning of fossil fuels like coal, a temperature drop, and the accumulation of particulate matter from industrial activity. London smog contains a high concentration of dust, nitrogen dioxides and sulphur oxides in the atmosphere. This smog usually forms during the colder months.

London smog can lead to irritation in the lungs, nose and human eyes.

⁤Smog has a primary effect on human health and the environment. ⁤⁤Exposure to smog for a long time can cause critical respiratory issues, heart illnesses, and environmental damage. ⁤

• ⁤Respiratory Issues: Smog hurts the airways. ⁤⁤This ends in allergies, bronchitis, and persistent obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ⁤⁤People discover it hard to respire and come to be in hospitals extra frequently. ⁤
• ⁤Cardiovascular Problems: Long-term exposure to smog can make your coronary heart sick. ⁤⁤It can cause coronary heart assaults, strokes, and high blood stress. ⁤⁤Smog makes your heart and blood vessels swell. ⁤
• ⁤Lung Damage: Tiny bits of smog can get deep into your lungs. ⁤⁤This makes your lungs swell up and no longer paint as nicely. ⁤⁤If this keeps happening, you will possibly get lung cancer. ⁤
• ⁤Premature Ageing: Smog makes your skin look older and faster. ⁤⁤It breaks down the stuff that keeps your skin organised and bouncy, resulting in wrinkles, dark spots, and stupid-looking pores and skin. ⁤⁤It can also cause other skin issues. ⁤
• ⁤Cognitive Decline: Breathing grimy air for a long time can hurt your mind. ⁤⁤It would possibly make you neglect things extra and lift your probability of getting brain illnesses like Alzheimer's and dementia. ⁤

Various ailments can arise from breathing polluted air, which results from smog, a dangerous air pollutant. Prolonged exposure to smog could worsen respiratory and cardiovascular problems among vulnerable communities.

• Long-term exposure to smog causes chronic respiratory diseases.
• Polluted air inhaled increases the risk of cardiovascular complications.
• Smog particles trigger asthma attacks.
• Continuous exposure to smog reduces lung function.
• Smog inhalation increases the risk of lung cancer
• Persistent smog exposure weakens immunity.
• Air pollution during pregnancy enhances complications.
• Smog makes pre-existing health issues worse.
• Childhood lung development is impaired by smog.
• Smog causes high rates of hospitalisation for respiratory conditions annually.

The illness caused by smog, mainly due to air pollution, can result in life-threatening respiratory problems and other related conditions. Treatment methods are concerned with easing symptoms and minimising contact with dangerous pollutants.

• Medications: Opening up the airways and reducing inflammation using inhalers and corticosteroids can alleviate breathing difficulties after exposure to smog.
• Air Purifiers: Installing air purifiers in homes and workplaces can considerably reduce indoor pollutant levels, reducing the amount of smog particles breathed in.
• Avoid Outdoor Activities: To prevent the worsening symptoms, outdoor activities must be kept to a minimum during periods of high smog, especially among the vulnerable.
• Stay Hydrated: Drinking a lot of fluids will help thin out mucus, making it easier for the body to get rid of impurities trapped within the respiratory system.
• Use Masks: Wearing N95 masks outside during heavy smog helps keep off most harmful particles, offering crucial protection against inhaling pollutants.
• Regular Steam Inhalation: Inhaling steam often clears nasal passages and cools down the throat by helping unclog it from phlegm caused by smogging
• Plant Indoors: Indoor plants such as spider plants or peace lilies can naturally clean the air, reducing indoor pollution levels and enhancing good air around you.
• Consult Healthcare Providers: Regular check-ups with healthcare providers ensure early detection and management of any complications arising from prolonged smog.

Effectively managing smog disease requires a combination of protective measures and medical interventions. By adopting these methods, individuals can safeguard their health and minimise the adverse effects of smog exposure.

To control the diseases caused by smog, it is imperative to find solutions to smog pollution in the first place. Illustrated below are some noteworthy solutions to the same -

1. Using Environment-friendly Consumer Products

Using household products containing high amounts of volatile organic compounds must be avoided altogether. These products emit particulate matter and hazardous substances into the atmosphere. These in turn form ground-level ozone by reacting in the presence of sunlight.

The usage of environment-friendly consumer products like eco-friendly sprays, paper, paints, plastics and solvents will help address smog pollution. Individuals can replace energy-intensive devices with energy-efficient ones to reduce energy demand and thus lower the problem of smog. They must also refrain from discarding packages of products as it exacerbates potential air and smog pollution.

2. Lowering and Managing Industrial and Vehicular Emissions

Industries and vehicles are the biggest contributors to smog-forming pollutants. Therefore, the best method of reducing smog is to manage gaseous emissions from industries and cars. It is fundamental for industries to use renewable energy sources and manufacture environment-friendly consumer products.

3. 3Rs - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

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Following the 3R policy will go a long way in lowering the smog issue. Reducing consumption indicates reduced production of material things and usage of resources and fossil fuels. This, in turn, means lesser smog and air pollution.

Similarly, reusing and recycling will help check wasteful consumption of material and excessive waste production. This will again contribute towards reducing smog.

4. Conserving Energy and Increasing Energy Efficiency

Conserving energy and increasing its efficiency simultaneously reduces gaseous emissions into the atmosphere. These emissions are, in fact, responsible for smog. A productive and efficient system for energy management will help reduce smog, thereby lowering pollutants like sulphur and nitrogen oxides in the air.

5. Systems for Smog Detection and Monitoring

The usage of efficient systems to detect and monitor smog will help provide early warning signs. The meteorological departments can also assist with this by installing monitoring equipment that consistently records the amounts of particulate matter and emission in the air.

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is an example of an index that is used to report and monitor the relative concentrations of ground-level ozone and common air pollutants. This measure helps monitor the levels of smog-causing pollutants in the air, thereby helping employ strategies to cut down emissions and air pollution.

6. Choosing Renewable Energy

Opting for renewable energy will help reduce emissions from power generating plants. These plants are heavily dependent on fossil fuels. In simpler terms, using renewable energy will lower environmental impacts and cut down on smog and pollutants in the air.

7. Personal Protection

Last but not least, personal protection is imperative when it comes to dealing with high smog levels present in the air and keeping diseases caused by smog at bay. In order to personally protect themselves, individuals can consider wearing masks while going outside. This will protect from getting contaminated with harmful particles.

Health insurance coverage for smog-related diseases varies depending on the policy and provider. Generally, respiratory illnesses like asthma or bronchitis, which can be aggravated by smog, are covered under most health insurance plans. 

However, coverage specifics, including the extent of treatment and medication coverage, may differ. Some policies require additional riders for comprehensive coverage of pollution-related health issues.

 It is crucial to review the terms and conditions of your health insurance policy or consult with your provider to understand the coverage details for smog-related diseases.

 Individuals can reduce the impact of smog on their well-being by keeping themselves updated and adopting healthy practices. They must consider all the vital aspects discussed in this article related to diseases caused by smog to protect themselves against it. Additionally, they must adopt different measures to control smog and, hence, keep these diseases at bay. Doing so not only improves personal health but also contributes to standard safety.