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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a vital gas for sustaining life on Earth. It is also a central component of greenhouse gases (GHGs). In excess, CO2 can disrupt the natural temperature regulation in the atmosphere and lead to major issues such as global warming and climate change.

Human activities, such as the Industrial Revolution, deforestation and burning fossil fuels, contribute primarily to more than 30 gigatons of CO2 being released into the Earth’s atmosphere each year.

It is crucial to address the issue of carbon emissions to prevent the disastrous consequences of global warming and climate change. In this regard, it is essential to note that not all countries bear the same responsibility for this crisis.

However, governments and corporations worldwide must work together and take active measures to regulate pollution levels to tackle this issue effectively.

Below, we have the list of the top 12 countries with the highest carbon emissions in the world.

The countries responsible for emitting the most CO2 globally include the most advanced and fastest-growing economies. From this table, we can derive the top 5 major countries with the highest carbon emissions in the world:

• China

With a current population of 1.4 billion people, China is leading as the highest carbon emitting country in the world. The country is highly dependent on energy industries such as steel, coal, fossil fuels, cement, etc. All these industries emit the most amount of CO2 into the atmosphere.

The Chinese economy and industry have also grown quickly in recent years due to the implementation of multiple infrastructure projects and its rapid urbanization.

• USA

With a current population of about 340 million, the USA ranks number 2 in the world's carbon emissions. In America, burning coal, liquid fuel and natural gas emissions are required to produce electricity and heat. Carbon emissions from transportation are another significant factor, comprising automobiles, delivery vehicles, planes and public transit.

The USA also experiences fluctuating weather patterns which cause higher demand for heating and cooling systems at homes, office spaces, etc. Around 48% of homes in the US still use natural gas for this, contributing to the country’s overall emissions figures.

• India

As the first most populated country in the world with over 1.4 billion people, India ranks number 3 as the world's largest carbon emitter. The largest source of carbon emissions comes from power plants and

agriculture. Electricity is largely sourced from coal-fired power plants, which release copious amounts of carbon dioxide.

In India, the second greatest contributor to emissions is agriculture. Rice paddies, cattle and the utilization of fertilizers all produce large amounts of methane, a gas that falls under the category of greenhouse gases (GHG). Burning crops further increases the emissions released, resulting in global warming.

• Russia

With a population of 144 million people, Russia is the 4th highest emitter of CO2 in the atmosphere globally. Russia is the world’s leading exporter of oil and gas.

Consequently, it has a high emission rate, given its reliance on fossil fuels during energy production, manufacturing materials such as cement, and for residential, commercial and transportation purposes.

• Japan

The small country of Japan is populated by 124 million people making it the fifth largest CO2 emitter in the world. Japan is one of the global leaders in the manufacturing industry, with its industrial sector accounting for the largest energy consumption. Most emissions arise here due to the high electricity consumption for production.

The above data is taken for the year 2022-23. During this period, it is important to note that many global factors, such as the Covid-19 outbreak and the Russian-Ukrainian war, outbreak, and the Russian-Ukrainian war have influenced carbon emissions from these major countries.

Looking at the top carbon emitters in the world, we notice common sources of emissions. Most nations heavily depend on coal, oil and gas for energy generation and industrial purposes.

To make the necessary progress towards a more sustainable future, we must:

• Lower carbon discharges and boost sustainable energy sources.
• Develop new technologies and assist people and businesses to transition to them.
• Act on the origin of detrimental emissions to formulate new plans to confront climate change.

Governments and leaders are taking steps to ensure action is taken to reduce emissions and the effects of climate change. For the top 5 countries with the highest carbon footprint, here are some of their main climate goals:

China

• Aim to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.
• Commit to raising the share of non-fossil fuels in its energy consumption to 25% by 2030 and increase wind and solar power capacity.
• Stop building coal-fired power stations overseas.

The United States

• The Climate Pledge’ commits to reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2040.
• The United States rejoined the Paris Agreement under President Biden’s administration and pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52% below 2005 levels by 2030.

India

• Committed to reducing emission levels of its economy by 45% and achieving around 50% of electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel-based resources by 2030.
• o Many states and territories in India have announced state-level climate change plans.

Russia

• Between 2015 and 2020, Russia made differing commitments to cut greenhouse gas levels by 30% by 2030.

Japan

• Aim to reach carbon neutrality by 2050 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 46% by 2030.
• Develop new technologies by 2050 that contribute to reducing CO2 globally to ‘beyond zero’.
• Over 400 local governments have committed to net-zero emissions by 2050.

CO₂ is the single most important greenhouse gas leading to human-induced climate change. Although other GHGs are more powerful per molecule in warming the planet than CO₂, the sheer amount of CO₂ emissions from human activities and the fact that some of the emissions stay in the atmosphere for hundreds to thousands of years, makes CO₂ the biggest challenge in combating climate change.

Governments and big corporation boards from these major countries should consciously make stern decisions to implement strict regulations in place to curb CO2 emissions.