Interest rates represent the expense of borrowing money, calculated as a portion of the loaned sum. They also indicate the earnings accrued in savings accounts based on the maintained balance.

While not all savings accounts yield interest, understanding their variations, operations, and influencing factors is crucial before opening one.

Here are two types of Interest Rates:

• Simple Interest Rate: Simple interest accrues solely on the principal amount deposited. It doesn't factor in earned interest, making it straightforward to calculate.
• Compound Interest Rate: Interest is calculated on the principal amount and the accumulated interest. Over time, this compounding effect can significantly boost savings.

Interest on a savings account is considered taxable income, making it important to know how interest actually works on a savings account:

1. Mechanism of Banks and Depositors

Banks use deposited money to loan to others, rewarding depositors with interest while charging higher rates to borrowers. Interest rates differ between banks and change based on market conditions, some offer rates above the national average, providing attractive returns for savings.

2. Annual Percentage Yield

The amount of interest earned on a savings account is contingent on the interest rate, compounding frequency, and the duration the funds remain in the account. Banks express savings interest rates as an APY, which accounts for compounding, showcasing the potential growth of the savings.

3. Crediting Frequency

Savings accounts commonly credit interest monthly, although some may do so quarterly or annually, depending on the bank’s policy. Monthly interest payouts enable quicker accumulation.

4. Interest on Interest

Simple interest calculations consider interest earned only on the principal amount. However, compound interest allows for continuous growth by considering earned interest from previous periods.

5. Accumulation of Interest

The interest doesn't just sit idle. It continuously accumulates with each passing day. Interest is often credited at the end of the month. To calculate the monthly interest rate, multiply the initial balance by the interest, then by the duration of a year, and finally divide by 12.

Various elements influence interest rates, reflecting the complex interplay of economic and financial factors affecting interest rates:

• Policy of Reserve Bank of India: RBI policies, like repo rate changes, directly impact borrowing and savings rates, shaping loan costs and savings returns.
• Exchange Rates: Currency fluctuations can influence interest rates, especially in a globalised economy.
• Type of Interest: The nature of the interest rate chosen, whether fixed or floating, directly affects earnings.
• Government Policies: Fiscal policies, such as taxation and subsidy changes, can influence interest rates.
• Economic Growth: A booming economy often sees higher demand for credit, pushing interest rates up, while a stagnant economy might bring them down.
• Inflation: Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money. Higher inflation often results in higher interest to compensate for the reduced value of money over time.
• Geopolitical Events: Global events, such as geopolitical tensions or trade agreements, can cause fluctuations in interest rates.
• Credit Score: Individual credit scores impact the interest rates offered by financial institutions. A higher credit score often leads to a more favourable rate.
• Bank Profitability: Banks also consider their profit margins when setting rates, balancing competitiveness with their financial stability.

Interest rates on savings accounts are the cornerstone of financial growth, affected by a myriad of factors and varying in types and calculation methods. Understanding these dynamics empowers individuals to make informed decisions, optimise savings, and harness the potential for financial prosperity.